Amoebic colitis Home A-Z Health Information Health Library A-Z Amoebic Colitis Overview Amoebic colitis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It is a type of amoebiasis, a disease primarily affecting the colon, although it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, and brain. Causes The infection is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, typically through the consumption of food or water contaminated with Entamoeba histolytica cysts. It is common in areas with poor sanitation, particularly in parts of the developing world.Pathogenesis:Ingestion of cysts: The cysts are ingested through contaminated food or water. Once they reach the intestines, they release trophozoites, which are the active form of the parasite.Invasion of the colonic mucosa: The trophozoites invade the mucosal lining of the colon, causing inflammation and ulceration. They can also spread to other organs, especially the liver, leading to abscess formation.Tissue damage: The parasite produces enzymes and other factors that cause tissue destruction, leading to the symptoms of amoebic colitis. Symptoms Diarrhoea (which may be bloody and mucousy)Abdominal pain (cramping or constant)FeverNausea and vomitingWeight lossFatigueIn severe cases, the condition can lead to colonic perforation and sepsis. Diagnosis Stool examination: Identification of Entamoeba histolytica cysts or trophozoites in stool samples.Serological tests: Detection of antibodies or antigens related to the parasite.Endoscopy or colonoscopy: Visual examination of the colon can reveal characteristic ulcers or lesions.Imaging: In cases where there is suspicion of extra-intestinal involvement (like liver abscess), imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, CT scan) may be used. Treatment Antiprotozoal medications:Metronidazole or Tinidazole: These are the first-line treatments for amoebic colitis, as they effectively kill the trophozoites.Luminal agents (e.g., Paromomycin or Iodoquinol): These are used to treat any remaining cysts in the intestines after the systemic infection has been controlled.Supportive care: Fluid and electrolyte management to prevent dehydration, especially in severe cases with diarrhoea.Surgical intervention: In rare cases where there is perforation, abscess formation, or severe complications, surgery may be required. Prevention Improved sanitation: Access to clean water and proper sanitation can significantly reduce the risk of infection.Handwashing: Regular handwashing, especially after using the bathroom and before handling food.Food and water safety: Avoiding potentially contaminated food or drinking water, especially in areas with poor hygiene.