Lung Cancer Home A-Z Health Information Health Library A-Z Lung Cancer Overview Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells in the lungs grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour. Over time, this tumour may spread (metastasise) to other parts of the body. Types Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Lung carcinoid tumour Causes and risk factors Smoking (leading cause)Passive exposure to second-hand smokeOccupational exposure to harmful substances like fumes, soot, and arsenic Exposure to asbestosPre-existing lung conditions like fibrosis and emphysema Symptoms Persistent coughing or wheezingChest pain or discomfortShortness of breath or extreme fatigueCoughing up blood or rusty-coloured sputumRecurrent respiratory infections Diagnosis Imaging tests: CT, PET, or MRI scans, particularly of the brain in advanced casesBiopsy: CT guided or EBUS (Endobronchial Ultrasound) biopsyNodal staging: Mediastinoscopy or EBUS for lymph node evaluationSputum cytology: Microscopic analysis of sputum samplesPulmonary function tests: To assess lung capacity and function for operable casesCardiac evaluation: To ensure surgical readiness for operable lung cancers Treatment Surgery: Performed using conventional technique, VATS, or robotic methodsChemotherapyRadiation therapyTargeted therapy Designed for specific genetic mutations in cancer cellsImmunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancerThe treatment options depend on the cancer stage and medical condition of the patient. Either one or different combinations of the above therapies may be used for the individual. Prevention Quit smokingAvoid exposure to second-hand smokeSmokers may consider low-dose CT scans for early detection after consulting a physicianMaintain a healthy diet with regular exercise Prognosis and Survival Rate Prognosis varies significantly based on the stage of cancer at diagnosis, the patient’s overall health, and the response to treatment.