Cavity formation/tooth decay Home A-Z Health Information Health Library A-Z Cavity Formation/tooth Decay Overview Cavities refer to the holes or areas of decayed tooth observed on the surface of the teeth. Causes and risk factors Cavity formation is often attributed to plaque buildup resulting from poor oral hygiene or dental habits, which could lead to bacterial infections, and frequent consumption of sugary or acidic foods and drinks.Fluorine deficiency, which weakens the tooth, dry mouth, certain medical conditions, especially, gastroesophageal reflux disease or eating disorders, a family history of tooth decay, and radiation therapy (for treating cancers) have been reported to serve as risk factors for cavity formation. Symptoms The symptoms of cavity formation include:Visible holes or dark spots on teeth.Heightened tooth sensitivity, especially when consuming hot, cold, or sweet foods.Pain while chewing, biting, or eating.Spontaneous toothache. Diagnosis Usually, tooth cavities are diagnosed based on visual examinations performed by a dentist. Dentists can identify cavities based on the appearance of cracks/dark spots on the tooth. In some cases, dental X-ray may be performed to detect hidden cavities, assess the extent of tooth decay, and identity bone damage, if any. Treatment Depending on the severity and location of the tooth decay, dentists may recommend appropriate treatments:Application of dental fillings: These help restore the tooth structure. Fluoride treatments are recommended for early-stage cavities while root canal therapy is recommended for severe tooth decay.Tooth extraction: In cases where tooth decay is severe, tooth extraction may be required, followed by the insertion of dental crowns.