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Glomerulonephritis

Overview

Glomerulonephritis is a kidney condition characterised by inflammation and damage to the nephrons, the small tubular structures that make up the kidneys. This condition can affect the kidney’s ability to filter waste and excess fluids effectively, leading to various symptoms and potential complications if left untreated.

Glomerulonephritis occurs due to active inflammation in the kidneys, often caused by:

  • Autoimmune disease, e.g., lupus
  • Infections, e.g., post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  • Vasculitis e.g., ANCA- associated vasculitis
  • Exposure to certain toxins and drugs

Glomerulonephritis typically manifests through a range of symptoms, which may vary in severity depending on the underlying cause. These include:

  • Haematuria: Presence of blood in the urine.
  • Proteinuria: Frothy urine due to protein leakage
  • Oliguria: Reduced urine output
  • Swelling: Puffiness around the eyes, face, or legs.
  • Systemic symptoms include fever, joint pains or rashes over other parts of body.

For the diagnosis and management of glomerulonephritis, it is essential to consult a kidney specialist (Nephrologist)

The following tests and procedures are commonly performed to diagnose glomerulonephritis:

  • Urine tests: Routine microscopy and protein creatinine ratio.
  • Blood tests: Renal function tests, complement levels (C3, C4) and autoimmune markers like ANA, c-ANCA, and p-ANCA.
  • Kidney biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy may be required for definitive diagnosis.

The treatment approach varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. There are various

  • Therapeutic options: There are various therapeutic options available which include oral/IV steroids, and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus, MMF.
  • Procedures such as plasmapheresis are used to remove harmful antibodies from the blood, while dialysis may be necessary for patients with severe kidney dysfunction.
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