Oral (Mouth) Cancer Home A-Z Health Information Health Library A-Z Oral (Mouth) Cancer Overview The oral cavity consists of essential structures, including the lips, gums, cheeks, tongue, floor of the mouth, palate, and jaws (mandible and maxilla).When the cells lining these vital areas grow and multiply uncontrollably, they form malignant tumours, broadly termed as “oral cancer”. Among men in our country, oral cancer is the most common cancer and is strongly associated with tobacco chewing habits and poor oral hygiene.The most prevalent type of oral cancer, accounting for over 95% of cases, is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Causes and risk factors The primary cause for oral SCC is tobacco consumption, through smoking or chewing. Chewing habits involve substances like betel nut, lime, and other condiments (e.g., maava, masala). These are particularly harmful and produce serious effects on the oral lining, leading to oral submucous fibrosis, a condition frequently associated with oral cancer.Other factors include:Oral pre-malignant lesions, such as leucoplakia (white patches) and erythroplakia (red patches), often linked to chewing habits.Poor oral and dental hygiene, including damaged or sharp teeth.Alcohol, which acts as a compounding risk factor. Symptoms The most common symptom is a painless sore or ulcer that does not heal and may be accompanied by swelling.As the disease progresses, additional symptoms may include:Localized or radiating pain (e.g., to the ear or temple)Difficulty in mouth openingFoul breathDisturbances in chewing, swallowing, and speech Diagnosis Early diagnosis requires awareness and a high index of suspicion.The most common diagnostic method is punch biopsy, which can be easily performed in the clinic.Imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, or PET scans are essential for assessing the extent of the disease, staging it, and planning treatment.Unfortunately, many patients present with advanced-stage cancers (Stages III and IV), despite the oral cavity being an accessible area. Treatment Surgery remains the mainstay for treatment across all stages of oral cancer and is often the sole treatment for early cases. For advanced cancers (Stages III and IV), radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be added to improve outcomes. Emerging systemic therapies, such as targeted and immunotherapy, are expanding treatment options.Further technological advances have provided benefits:Advanced imaging techniques enable precise treatment planning.3-D printing and modelling significantly enhance restorative efforts.Routine use of microvascular reconstruction has transformed surgical outcomes, improving survival and quality of life.Molecular and genetic sequencing now assist in managing complex cases. Prevention The most effective prevention strategy involves raising awareness and eliminating tobacco use and other chewing habits, which are responsible for over 50% of all cancers and related deaths.Promoting good oral and dental hygiene is also critical in combating the “cancer epidemic”.Early diagnosis plays a vital role in improving outcomes. Seeking help If you suspect or have been diagnosed with oral cancer, consult a surgical oncologist who specialises in its treatment.